orig. Henry Campbell (born Sept. 7, 1836, Glasgow, Scot.—died April 22, 1908, London, Eng.) British politician. A member of the House of Commons from 1868, he was elected leader of the Liberal Party in 1899 and served as prime minister (1905–08). His popularity unified his badly divided party. Though much of his legislative program was nullified by the House of Lords, he obtained approval of the Trades Disputes Act of 1906. He took the lead in granting self-government to the Transvaal and the Orange River Colony, thereby securing the Boers' loyalty to the British Empire. Copyright © 1994-2008 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

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(born June 28, 1873, Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon, France—died November 5, 1944, Paris) French surgeon who received the 1912 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for developing a method of suturing blood vessels. Carrel received an M.D. (1900) from the University of Lyon. Soon after graduating, he became interested in the repair of blood vessels, and he developed a method to suture them together end-to-end with a minimum of stitches. This technique became essential for many surgical operations, including the transplantation of blood vessels and organs. In 1904 Carrel left France for the United States, working first at the University of Chicago and then at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York City. There he investigated the preservation of living tissues outside the body, keeping organs or tissues alive—in one famous case, for more than 30 years—by circulating tissue-culture fluid through them. During World War I Carrel returned to France, where he helped to develop the Carrel-Dakin method of treating wounds with antiseptic fluids in order to prevent infection. After 1919 he continued his work at the Rockefeller Institute until 1939, when he returned to France. In 1941 he became director of the French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems in Paris. His book Man, the Unknown (1935) expounded many of his religious and social ideas. Copyright © 1994-2008 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

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(born December 29, 1859, Cuatro Ciénegas, Mexico—died May 20/21, 1920, Tlaxcalantongo) a leader in the Mexican civil war following the overthrow of the dictator Porfirio Díaz. He became the first president of the new Mexican Republic. A moderate who was tainted by his association with Díaz and his alliance with newer forces of economic exploitation, Carranza opposed the sweeping changes that followed the revolution. The son of a landowner, Carranza became active in local and state politics in 1877. In 1910, as governor of Coahuila, he joined the struggle of Francisco Madero against Díaz and in 1913 led the forces against Victoriano Huerta, who had assassinated Madero. After Huerta fled in 1914, Carranza's Constitutionalist Army began to splinter. Rebels under the leadership of Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata opposed his provisional government, demanding immediate social reforms. He secured his position as provisional president, however, when his army, led by General Alvaro Obregón, defeated the forces of Villa at Celaya in April 1915. Carranza favoured political, but not social, reform. Only reluctantly did he accept the provisions of the 1917 constitution establishing basic reforms in landownership, control of natural resources, and labour and social legislation. When he became the constitutional president on May 1, 1917, he did little to effectuate those provisions. His term was marked by continued difficulties with Villa and Zapata, serious financial problems, and general social unrest brought on by his reluctance to institute far-reaching reforms. Carranza was an ardent nationalist and was involved in serious controversies with the United States. Earlier (April 1914) he had opposed the U.S. occupation of Veracruz, even though it was aimed at his enemy, Huerta; in March 1916 he had prevented the military expedition led by the U.S. general John J. Pershing from capturing Villa, who had raided Columbus, New Mexico; and he angered the United States by his efforts (1918) to bring his country's oil industry under Mexican control. He was instrumental in keeping Mexico neutral in World War I. When Carranza's term as president was due to end in December 1920, he attempted to force the election of his chosen successor, Ignacio Bonillas, despite opposition from his more radical generals. Obregón led an armed rebellion in April 1920, and Carranza fled the capital. When he headed for Veracruz with government records and treasure, his train was attacked. With a few followers, he fled on horseback into the mountains. On the night of May 20/21 he was betrayed and murdered. Copyright © 1994-2008 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

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(born Jan. 27, 1910, Madrid, Spain—died Dec. 7, 1997, Durham, N.C., U.S.) Spanish Mexican engineer and architect. He immigrated to Mexico in 1939 and began to design and construct buildings there. His ferroconcrete structures are distinguished by thin, curved shells that are extremely strong and economical; his imaginative use of paraboloid barrel-vaulting helped dispel mistaken notions of the limits of this material. Notable works include the expressionistic church of Nuestra Señora de los Milagros in Mexico City (1955), with a hyperbolic paraboloid roof of ferroconcrete only 1.5 in. (3.8 cm) thick. Copyright © 1994-2008 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

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(born 1378, Tournai, Fr.—died April 26, 1444, Tournai) Flemish painter. He is identified with the Master of Flémalle on stylistic grounds. Documents show that Campin was a master painter in Tournai in 1406; two students are listed as entering his studio in 1427: Rogier van der Weyden and Jacques Daret. Campin's principal surviving works are two large panels of an altarpiece once believed to have come from a nonexistent Abbey of Flémalle. The famous Mérode Altarpiece, a triptych of the Annunciation formerly regarded as his masterpiece, is now thought to be by a member of his workshop or circle. Characterized by a naturalistic conception of form and a poetic representation of the objects of daily life, Campin's work marks the break with the prevailing International Gothic style and prefigures the achievements of the painters of the Northern Renaissance. Despite much uncertainty about his life and work, he was one of the most important and influential Flemish artists of the 15th century. Copyright © 1994-2008 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

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orig. Henry Campbell (born Sept. 7, 1836, Glasgow, Scot.—died April 22, 1908, London, Eng.) British politician. A member of the House of Commons from 1868, he was elected leader of the Liberal Party in 1899 and served as prime minister (1905–08). His popularity unified his badly divided party. Though much of his legislative program was nullified by the House of Lords, he obtained approval of the Trades Disputes Act of 1906. He took the lead in granting self-government to the Transvaal and the Orange River Colony, thereby securing the Boers' loyalty to the British Empire. Copyright © 1994-2008 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc

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original name Frances Ethel Gumm WATCH FULL Judy Garland BIOGRAPHY EPISODE. Visit our Judy Garland Tribute Site to find out more about the singer and actress. View Photo Gallery, Timeline, Quiz, and more! Actress and singer. Born on Frances Ethel Gumm on June 10, 1922, in Grand Rapids, Minnesota. Judy Garland, the star of many classic musical films, was known for her tremendous talent and troubled life. She started out in show business at an early age. The daughter of vaudeville professionals, she started her stage career as a child. Garland was called “Baby Gumm� and sang “Jingle Bells� at her first public performance at age of two and a half. With her two older sisters, Susie and Jimmie, Garland soon began performing as part of the Gumm Sisters. In 1926, the Gumm family moved to California where Garland and her sisters studied acting and dancing. They played numerous gigs that their mother Ethel had arranged for them as their manager and agent. In the late 1920s, the Gumm sisters also appeared in several short films. The Gumm sisters transformed the Garland sisters at the World's Fair in Chicago in 1934. Traveling with their mother, the sisters played at a theater with comedian George Jessel who reportedly suggested they become the Garland sisters. Garland shed her nickname “Baby� in favor of a more mature and vibrant Judy. The following year, she would become a solo act, signing a movie contract with MGM at the age of 13. It was on a radio broadcast that November, however, that Garland debuted one of the songs most closely associated with her, “Zing! Went the Strings of My Heart.� Shortly after the program aired, Garland suffered a great personal loss when her father Frank died of spinal meningitis. Despite her personal anguish, Garland continued on her path to film stardom. One of her first feature film roles was in Pigskin Parade (1936). Playing a girl-next-door type of role, Garland went on to co-star in Love Finds Andy Hardy (1938) with friend Mickey Rooney. The two proved to be a popular pairing, and they co-starred in several more Andy Hardy films. Not only was she working a lot, Garland was under pressure from the studio about her looks and her weight. She was given amphetamines to boost her energy and control her weight. Unfortunately, Garland would soon become reliant on this medication as well as needing to take something else to help her sleep. Drug problems would plague her throughout her career. In 1939, Garland scored one of her greatest on-screen successes with The Wizard of Oz (1939), which showcased her singing talents as well as her acting abilities. Garland received a special Academy Award for her portrayal of Dorothy, the girl from Kansas transported to Oz. She soon made several more musicals, including Strike Up the Band (1940), Babes of Broadway (1942) with Mickey Rooney, and For Me and My Gal (1943) with Gene Kelly. Garland married for the first time at the age of 19. Her union with bandleader David Rose was decidedly short-lived, however. On the set of Meet Me in St. Louis (1944), another of Garland's signature films, she met director Vincent Minnelli. She officially divorced Rose in 1945 and soon wed Minnelli. The couple also welcomed a daughter, Liza, in 1946. Unfortunately, Garland's second marriage only lasted a little longer than her first. The Garland-Minnelli union was practically over by 1949 (they officially divorced in 1952). Around this time, Garland began to break down emotionally. She was probably exhausted from all of the years of constantly working as well as from all the medications she was to keep herself going. She developed a reputation for being unreliable and unstable. In 1950, MGM dropped her from her contract because of her emotional and physical difficulties. Garland's career appeared to be spiraling downward. In 1951, Garland started to rebuild her with help of producer Sid Luft. She starred in her own show on Broadway at the Palace Theater, which drew large crowds and ran for more than 20 weeks. More than simply showcasing her powerful and expressive voice, the revue also proved that Garland was a dedicated performer, helping to dispel the earlier negative stories about her. She earned a special Tony Award for her work on the show and her contributions to vaudeville in 1952. Garland married Luft in 1952, which was a stormy relationship by some reports. They had two children together—daughter Lorna in 1952 and son Joey in 1955. What ever personal difficulty Garland and Luft had, he had a positive impact on her career and was instrumental in putting together one of her greatest films. Starring opposite James Mason, Garland gave an outstanding performance as a woman who obtains stardom at the price of love in A Star Is Born (1954). Her rendition of “The Man That Got Away� is considered one of her best performances on film. She was nominated for an Academy Award for this film. In the 1960s, Judy Garland spent more time as a singer than an actress, but she still managed to earn another Academy Award nomination. She played a woman who had been persecuted by the Nazis in 1961's Judgment at Nuremberg. That same year, Garland won two Grammy Awards for Best Solo Vocal Performance and Album of the Year for Judy at Carnegie Hall. Despite all of her success as a singer, these were only Grammy wins of her career. Garland also tried her hand at series television. In 1963 to 1964, she starred in The Judy Garland Show. The program went through many changes in its short run, but its strongest moments featured Garland at her best—singing. Her two daughters, Lorna Luft and Liza Minnelli, made appearances on the show as did Mickey Rooney. Jazz and pop vocalist Mel Tormé served as the program's musical advisor. For her work on the show, Garland earned an Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Performance in a Variety or Musical Program in 1964. Although her television series ended, Garland was still in demand as an entertainer, playing gigs around the world. But her personal life was as troubled as ever. After many separations, Garland divorced Luft in 1965 after a bitter battle over child custody. She quickly remarried—this time to actor Mark Herron. But that union lasted only a few months before dissolving. (The pair later officially divorced in 1967.) In 1967, Garland made a critically acclaimed return to Broadway for At Home at the Palace. The next year, Garland went to London. She was in personal and financial trouble by this time. Making some performances at London's Talk of the Town nightclub, Garland was clearly not in good shape on stage. She wed former bandleader and club manager Mickey Deans a few months before her death in 1969. Judy Garland died on June 22, 1969, in London, England, reportedly of an accidental overdose. The legacy of Garland has been carried on by her daughters Liza Minnelli and Lorna Luft, both of whom are singers and have had varying degrees of success. Lorna wrote about her life with Garland in her 1998 autobiography, Me and My Shadows: A Family Memoir. It became the basis for the 2001 television miniseries Life with Judy Garland: Me and My Shadows. Both of the actresses playing Judy—Tammy Blanchard as young Judy and Judy Davis as more mature Judy—took home Emmy Awards for their portrayals of the famed entertainer. Nearly 40 years after her death, Garland continues to maintain a devoted following. There are countless fan sites online as well as published biographies that explore almost every aspect of her life—from her brilliant talent, her professional successes and failures, and her myriad of personal struggles. In celebration of the late star, the Judy Garland Museum at her birthplace holds an annual festival. © 2008 A&E Television Networks. All rights reserved. Related Works Films 1936 Pigskin Parade 1938 Broadway Melody of 1938 1938 Love Finds Andy Hardy 1939 The Wizard of Oz 1939 Babes in Arms 1940 Strike Up the Band 1941 Babes on Broadway 1944 Meet Me in St Louis 1944 The Clock 1948 The Pirate 1948 Easter Parade 1954 A Star is Born 1961 Judgement at Nuremberg 1963 I Could Go On Singing

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Meet a band inspired by the two best bands of the last decade (Nirvana and Radiohead). A band - average age 20 - with eighty songs and four record deals around the world. A band who've spent the 90's cut off and disenfranchised. A band who won't be happy until they've ripped the heart from your chest and shattered your eardrums. Meet MUSE. From England. But not so you'd notice. The rock trio consists of guitarist/vocalist Matthew Bellamy, bassist Chris Wolstenhome and drummer Dominic Howard. The group's emotive sound and live dates drew critical acclaim and industry buzz, and after a trip to New York's CMJ festival, Muse signed a deal with Maverick Records. Their debut full-length album Showbiz was released toward the end of 1999. Two years later, Muse issued The Origin of Symmetry and had a major hit with Hyper Music. In 2002, fans were treated to the double-disc live set Hullabaloo. Their latest album Absolution is clearly the product of three mid twenties musicians at the height of their powers, determined to push their aesthetic all the way. “Matt Bellamy has put together a collection of simple, poetic, transparent songs that re-engage with the old words and values; honour, courage and righteousness. It's one long love letter to the Impossible Dream, and it WILL NOT SURRENDER. There's been no record released yet this century with stakes so high. Musically, it could have been a disaster. But one man's prog is another man's progress, and every guitar here sounds like it's from the future, every flourish and movement scored and orchestrated with the celestial vision. By indulging every pomp rock wet dream he's ever had, Matt's found that there's no such thing as too much distortion, and that, when you care this much, chartbusting tunes really do fall from the sky…..On earth, Muse have made the UK Rock record of the year, but as it is in heaven, they've created a scripture; the defining document of a new religion no more complicated than Bellamy's crystal clear lyrics.� (NME) Bringing this holy vision onto the stage is second nature to these world-travellers. Live, Muse manage to seduce the unconverted, and reaffirm the fanatical devotion of their fans . “As balmy late evening sunshine gives way to darkness and cascades of rain, so Ash's breezy pop punk gives way to the tempestuous drama of Muse. It's the perfect setting for the Devon trio's heartstoppingly intense show. With Matt Bellamy plucking sounds from the air like a mad professor, Muse are truly incredible tonight, switching mood and pace to outragous effect. The rapturous applause that greets the killer conclusion of 'Muscle Museum' and 'Plug in Baby' is a heartening reminder that sometimes, just sometimes, originality and fearless, peerles ambition gets its just rewards.� (Kerrang! review, Leeds Festival)

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in full Thomas Sturges Watson (born Sept. 4, 1949, Kansas City, Mo., U.S.) U.S. golfer. Watson attended Stanford University before becoming a professional golfer in 1971. He became one of the sport's dominant figures in the 1970s and early '80s, winning the British Open (1975, 1977, 1980, 1982, 1983), the Masters (1977, 1981), and the U.S. Open (1982). Copyright © 1994-2008 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

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byname of Eldrick Woods WATCH TIGER WOODS VIDEOS: Three Questions with Tiger Woods Tiger Woods Through the Years A Friendly Game with Tiger Woods Celebrity Fact or Fiction: Tiger Woods

Tiger Woods will miss the rest of the season because his left knee requires more reconstructive surgery, his Web site announced Wednesday (June 18, 2008).

Woods also revealed he suffered a double stress fracture in his left tibia two weeks before the U.S. Open tournament, ignoring doctors' advice to take six weeks off to let it heal.

Woods won the U.S. Open on June 16 in a 19-hole playoff, overcoming sporadic pain in his left knee from arthroscopic surgery performed on April 15.

Woods shot a par four on the first and only hole of sudden death while American Rocco Mediate, 45, settled for a bogey.

The sudden death duel at Torrey Pines in San Diego followed an 18-hole playoff, which saw the two finish at par. In that playoff, Woods led Mediate by three shots after the first ten holes. Mediate then birdied three of the next five holes and took the lead. But on the final hole, Woods birdied while Mediate shot par, forcing the sudden death playoff.

“I think this is probably the best ever,� Woods said. “All things considered, I don't know how I ended up in this position, to be honest with you.�

The victory gave Woods his third U.S. Open championship and 14th major title. He's now just four behind the all-time record held by Jack Nicklaus.

Tiger was born Eldrick Woods on December 30, 1975, in Cypress, California. Woods started as a young golf wunderkind who grew up to become a master player. The son of an African American Army officer father and a Thai mother, he learned to play as a child. His father, Earl, served as his teacher and mentor. Around the age of eight, Woods showed off his skills on such television shows as Good Morning America. He studied at Stanford University and won a number of amateur U.S. golf titles before turning professional in 1996. Woods shot to fame after winning the U.S. Masters at Augusta in 1997—with a record score of 270—at the age of 21. Woods was the first African American to do so, as well as the youngest. In his first appearance at the British Open later that year, Woods equaled the course record of 64. The next few years brought even more successes, including the 1999, 2000, 2006 and 2007 US PGA title and wins at the U.S. Open in 2000, 2002 and 2008, the Open Championship in 2000, 2005 and 2006 and the U.S. Masters in 2001, 2002 and 2005. In 2003, among Woods' five wins were the Buick Invitational and the Western Open. The next year, Woods won only one official PGA Tour championship. While he may have had some challenges on the course, his personal life was running smoothly. Woods married his longtime girlfriend, Elin Nordegren, a Swedish model and former nanny, in October. Returning to dominate the sport, he won six championships in 2005 and was voted the PGA Tour Player of Year for the seventh time in nine years. Woods experienced a great personal loss in 2006. His father died in May after battling prostate cancer. Woods remarked on his website at the time, “My dad was my best friend and greatest role model, and I will miss him deeply.� Despite his grief, Woods returned to golf and won several events, including the PGA championship and the British Open. The next season was marked by many wins personally and professionally. His wife gave birth to the couple's first child, Sam Alexis Woods, on June 18, 2007. After taking some time off to welcome his daughter, he won the World Golf Championship and US PGA Championship in August 2007. The next month, Woods' winning ways continued, garnering the top spot at the BMW Championship and The Tour Championship. He was named Player of the Year by the other participants in the PGA Tour and won his eighth Arnold Palmer Award for being the lead money earner on the tour. In early 2008, Golf Channel anchor Kelly Tilghman was suspended for two weeks for saying young players who wanted to challenge Tiger Woods should "lynch him in a back alley." Tilghman laughed during the exchange Jan. 4 with analyst Nick Faldo at the Mercedes-Benz Championship. Civil rights activist The Reverend Al Sharpton demanded she be fired immediately. "Lynching is not murder in general, it's not assault in general," Sharpton said. "It's a specific racial term that this woman should be held accountable for." Faldo and Tilghman were discussing young players who could challenge the world's No. 1 player toward the end of a broadcast when Faldo suggested that "to take Tiger on, maybe they should just gang up for a while." "Lynch him in a back alley," Tilghman replied. The Golf Channel originally said there would be no punishment, but changed its position less than three hours after Sharpton's remarks. "While we believe that Kelly's choice of words was inadvertent and that she did not intend them in an offensive manner, the words were hurtful and grossly inappropriate," Golf Channel said in its Jan. 9 statement. "Consequently, we have decided to suspend Kelly for two weeks, effective immediately." "On Friday during our golf broadcast, Nick Faldo and I were discussing Tiger's dominance in the golf world and I used some poorly chosen words,� Tilghman said in a statement. “I have known Tiger for 12 years and I have apologized directly to him. I also apologize to our viewers who may have been offended by my comments." "This story is a non-issue,� said Woods' agent, Mark Steinberg of IMG. “Tiger and Kelly are friends and Tiger has a great deal of respect for Kelly. Regardless of the choice of words used, we know unequivocally that there was no ill intent in her comments. This story is a non-issue in our eyes." But Sharpton said the fact Woods did not call for punishment of Tilghman does not mean the comment was not offensive to African-Americans. © 2008 A&E Television Networks. All rights reserved.

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Visit our special KURT COBAIN Tribute Site for photo gallery, timeline, and more. Singer, songwriter. Born Kurt Donald Cobain on February 20, 1967, in Aberdeen, Washington. A talented, troubled performer, Kurt Cobain became a rock legend with his band Nirvana in the 1990s. The son of an auto mechanic, he lived in Hoqiuam briefly before moving with his parents to nearby Aberdeen, Washington, a small logging town where he was born. There were several members of his mother's family that had musical talents. His aunt Mari played the guitar and his uncle Chuck played in a band. Early on, Cobain showed an interest in art and music. He excelled at drawing, so much so that his talents were even apparent in kindergarten. He soon learned to play piano by ear and enjoyed a kiddie drum kit his parents had given him. At his father's urging, Cobain also played little league baseball. He sometimes spent time with his little sister Kim who was born in 1971, but both Cobain children had to deal with their parents yelling and fighting as their marriage became increasingly stormy. After his parents divorced when he was nine, Cobain became withdrawn. He went to live with his father after the divorce. On the weekends, he would visit his mother and his sister. When his father remarried, Cobain resented his stepmother Jenny and her two children. One of the bright spots of this difficult time was a present he received from his uncle Chuck—a guitar. Although the instrument was fairly beat up, it inspired Cobain to learn to play and it offered him a respite from his unhappiness at home. Alienated and angry, he believed that his father always took his stepmother's side and favored her children and his half-brother Chad who had been born in 1979. Cobain began experimenting with drugs in his mid-teens, and he pushed himself farther away from his father. In 1982, Cobain left his father's place and bounced around from relative to relative for several months. He then went to live with his mother who was with her boyfriend Pat O'Connor at the time. (They later married.) Attending high school in Aberdeen, he impressed teachers and students with his artistic talents. Cobain seemed to have odd tastes in subject matter, drawing a sperm transforming into an embryo for one project, according to Heavier than Heaven: A Biography of Kurt Cobain by Charles R. Cross. Cobain's life changed when he started listening punk rock. Discovering a local punk band, the Melvins, he befriended Buzz Osbourne, a member of the group. Osbourne introduced him to some other punk bands, such as the Sex Pistols. The Melvins often practiced in a space near drummer Dale Crover's house and a lot of fans, including Cobain, came to these sessions and hung out. As high school progressed, he was doing more drinking and drugging. Cobain also got into fights with his mother who was also drinking a lot, and he could not stand his stepfather. Cobain spent much of 1984 and 1985 living in various places. He spent time living with friends when he could and sleeping in apartment building hallways and a hospital waiting room when he did not have any other place to crash. In July 1985, Cobain was arrested for spray painting buildings in town with some of his friends. His friends got away, but Cobain was caught and taken to the police station. He later received a fine and a suspended sentence for his actions. Several months later, Cobain started his first band, Fecal Matter. They recorded a few songs together at his aunt Mari's house, but they never played any gigs. The next year Cobain was in trouble with the law again after being found wandering around an abandoned building drunk at night. As a result, he ended up spending several days in jail. Cobain started playing music with bassist Krist Novoselic who was two years older than him. They knew each other from Novoselic's younger brother Robert and from hanging around The Melvins. A local drummer named Aaron Burckhard soon joined in. Their first gig was a house party in 1987. This same year, Cobain started going out with Tracy Marander, his first serious girlfriend. The two eventually were living together in Olympia. Although they struggled financially, the couple seemed to enjoy the rock and roll lifestyle. Cobain spent a lot of his time exploring different creative outlets—writing, painting, drawing, and making collages. In 1988, Cobain was able to make some of his rock ambitions come true. He finally settled on the name Nirvana for the group. They made their first single, “Love Buzz,� which was released by the small independent label Sub Pop Records. By this time, Burckhard was out and Chad Channing had taken over drumming duties. Nirvana's popularity in the Seattle music scene was growing, and they released their debut album, Bleach, in 1989. While it failed to make much of a splash, the recording showed signs of Cobain's emerging talent as a songwriter, especially the ballad “About a Girl.� Their signature sound, which included elements of punk and heavy metal, was also apparent on the album. Cobain felt mistreated by Sub Pop, believing that the company devoted more resources toward promoting other acts such as Soundgarden and Mudhoney. While his band was struggling to make it, Cobain made a fateful connection in his personal life. In 1990, Cobain met his match in an edgy rocker named Courtney Love. The two met at a show at the Portland, Oregon nightclub Satyricon. While they were interested in each other, their relationship did not get off the ground until much later. That same year, he got a chance to know some of his rock and roll heroes when the band toured with Sonic Youth. Nirvana was going through some internal changes at the time. Their friend Dale Crover filled in on drums as Cobain and Novoselic had kicked out Channing. After the tour, they finally found a replacement in Dave Grohl who had played with Washington, D.C. hardcore band Scream. Despite their antiestablishment and punk tendencies, Nirvana made the leap to a major label in 1991 when they signed with Geffen Records. That same year, they released Nevermind, which spearheaded a music revolution. With the raw edges of punk and the blistering guitars of metal, their sound was labeled “grunge� for its murky and rough qualities. The single "Smells Like Teen Spirit"—like many Nirvana tracks—modulated between the soft and the thrashing. And Cobain was equally convincing as he sang the song's mellow chorus and as he screamed its final lines. It proved to be the group's biggest single and helped take the entire album to the top of the charts. Soon, Cobain was being called one of the best songwriters of his generation. This along with the rapid rise of the group put pressure on the talented and sensitive 24-year-old. Cobain began to worry about how his music was being received and how to regain control of a seemingly uncontrollable future. He had started using heroin in the early 1990s. The drug provided an escape as well as some relief for his chronic stomach problems. Before Nevermind's release, Cobain met up again with Courtney Love, now the lead singer and guitarist with Hole, at an L7 concert in Los Angeles. She was friends with Jennifer Finch, a member of the band who was also dating Dave Grohl at the time. Later that year, Cobain and Love started a whirlwind relationship that included letters, faxes, and numerous phone calls as the two were traveling with their respective bands. In February 1992, they got married and welcomed their daughter Frances Bean Cobain in August of that year. Both Cobain and Love were into drugs and often used together. They found themselves being investigated by social services after Love told Vanity Fair that she had taken heroin while pregnant. After a costly legal battle, Cobain and Love were able keep custody of their daughter. Always volatile, Cobain's relationship with Love was becoming more strained. The Seattle police came to their house after the two had been in a physical altercation over Cobain having guns in the house in 1993. As a result, he was arrested for assault. The police also took the guns from the home. While his personal life was in turmoil, Cobain had continued success professionally. Nirvana's highly acclaimed album In Utero was released in September 1993 and went to the top of the album charts. Full of highly personal lyrics by Cobain about his many life struggles, the recording featured a fair amount of hostility toward people and situations that Cobain reviled. He took on the recording industry with “Radio Friendly Unit Shifter.� It also had some more tender moments with “Heart-Shaped Box,� which is supposed to be about his marriage to Love. Guitar Player magazine described the album as having “a startling level of anger, energy, and jaded intelligence.� While the band earned raves for the new album, Cobain had become more distant from the other members. But he continued to press on, playing a gig with Nirvana in New York City in November 1993 for MTV's Unplugged series and touring Europe that winter. Cobain and Love often fought about his drug use. On a break during the tour, Cobain spent some time in Europe with his family. On March 4, 1994, while in his hotel room in Rome, Italy, he attempted suicide by taking an overdose of drugs. Love woke up and discovered that Cobain was in trouble. He was rushed to the hospital in a coma. While official reports said that it was accidentally overdose, Cobain had clearly meant to kill himself, having left a suicide note. Returning to the United States, Cobain became a hermit, spending much of his time alone and high. Love called the police on March 18 to report that Cobain was suicidal. He had locked himself inside a closet with some guns and some medication, according to the police report. After interviewing Love and Cobain, it was determined that he had not threatened to kill himself, but Love called the authorities because he had locked himself in and would not open the door. She knew that he had access to guns. For their safety, the police took the guns and the medications. A few days later, Love had an intervention for Cobain, trying to convince him to get off drugs. She herself traveled to Los Angeles after the event to try to get clean. Cobain eventually checked into a chemical dependency clinic in Los Angeles, but left after only a few days. On April 5, 1994, in the guest house behind his Seattle home, Cobain committed suicide. He placed a shotgun into his mouth and fired, killing himself instantly. He left a lengthy suicide note in which he addressed his many fans as well as his wife and young daughter. Despite the official ruling of his death as a suicide, some have wondered whether it was murder and whether Love had been involved in his death. Even after death, Cobain continued to intrigue and inspire fans. The group released Unplugged in New York shortly after Cobain's death and it went to the top of the charts. Two years later, a collection of their songs entitled From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah was released, and again the group scored a huge hit, reaching the number three spot on the album charts. With Cobain gone, there has been a struggle about what to do with what he left behind. Grohl and Novoselic fought with Love for years over Nirvana's music. In September 2002, Love announced that they had finally resolved their long legal battle over unreleased material. An anthology of their songs, Nirvana, was released that year, including the previously unreleased track “You Know You're Right.� Two collections that included other previously unreleased material followed with 2004's With the Lights Out and 2005's Sliver: The Best of the Box. In April 2007, Love announced plans to auction off many of Cobain's possessions, which drew mixed reactions from Nirvana fans. The items have yet to be auctioned. © 2008 A&E Television Networks. All rights reserved.

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Bio: Herdian Mohammad also known as HerdiOflo aka OFLO was born in Jakarta, Indonesia on February 28, 1980 approx 6:00 am. He spent 7 years of his life in Cijantung II, Jakarta Timur, where in 1987 he and his family flew to the United States of America to follow his father on continuing his father's further education. Living in the US, he grew the love of the sport of basketball as well as the love of the culture of Hip Hop. His writing skills as well as his love of the sport of basketball pushed him to exceed the limits and chase after his childhood dreams of playing basketball and becoming a Hip Hop Emcee as a true profession. After returning to his homeland of Jakarta, Indonesia in 1998, he first captivated one of his dreams where he inked a multi-year contract with a local semi-pro basketball team of Indonesia Muda Texmaco competing in the so-called KOBATAMA back then (it is currently called the Indonesian Basketball League (IBL)). He has been featured in numerous magazines (Hai, Pertama, Gadis, etc), Sports Tabloid Media (Bola,Go,www.basketindonesia,etc.), Radios (Prambors, MTV sky, ARDAN, Radio Palembang,etc.), Television (RCTI, SCTV, Global-TV,etc.) as he has been visible in the National Basketball podium of National competition. His skills on the court dazzled fans nation wide of his versatile dribbling skills as well as his off-the court friendly attitude which gave him the respect he deserved. He grew his fan base at an enormous speed when he was selected in the 2002 Indonesian NUVO KOBATAMA All-star team as well as being elected as the first Professional Indonesian Basketball player to join the dazzling & entertaining team of "Freestyle Basketball Indonesia", "Freestylers". Herdi's Hip Hop Emcee exposure came in 2002 during a local press conference of the Nuvo Kobatama All-Stars in Bandung, where he fascinated reporters, and fans as he demonstrated his skills as a Hip Hop "Rapper" in front of the large gathering in Bandung Super Mall (BSM). From that moment on, he is known as a basketball player with numerous talents such as half-time entertainer in the Freestyle Indonesian Basketball team as well as a Hip Hop "Emcee" climbing up in the local Indonesian Hip Hop scene. He has performed at local clubs, school events (pensy), product launches, birthday celebrations (ex.GADIS, etc.), opening act for Too Phat at Cilandak Town Square, performing on Global TVs "Lets Dance," as well as huge performances on live television (Global-TV) in front of thousands in the 2005 A-Mild IBL FINAL FOUR Halftime show as well as in the 2005 halftime show of the A-Mild IBL CHAMPIONSHIP GAMES in Hall-A Senayan. He was also the voice of the jingle of the L.A. Lights Streetball 2007 as he took first place in the L.A. Lights Streetball emcee contest. And just recently, he toured to 6 cities across Indonesia to promote his EP album while being selected in the 2007 Amild IBL All-Star Roadshow. He is currently playing for the team of Kalila Jakarta in the Indonesian Basketball League (IBL). Herdi'Oflo, being a familiar name in the local Hip Hop scene of Hip hop Indonesia, is one of the most anticipated, labeled,"BALLER-EMCEE", to release his music and sounds in the growing genre of Hip Hop in the local Indonesian Music Industry. His debut CD-EP is finally released titled, Herdi'Oflo EP "Keep On Pushin." Hear it first now!! Lookout for his LP and new sounds to be released in 2008! Short Interview: How did this all start? I've been writing poetry and listening to Hiphop music ever since I was in elementary school as I never really thought of putting the two together to begin a music career in Hiphop. I've been a basketball person for as long as I remember as I have spent my days polishing my jumpshot, increasing my dribbling skills and all that needs to be accomplished for a successful basketball player. I successfully signed a multi-year contract at the age of 18 to play in the proffesional basketball league of Indonesia. I would write on my days off from practice as I would occasionally lace rhymes on my computer. I began to take Hiphop to a more proffesional level back in 2002 after my late mother, Hermien Widjajanti - R.I.P - passed away due to Cancer. I was faced with dark nights as I turned daily on my writing and self thought to heal all the pain within me. I continued to write rhymes and recording my sounds on my computer. I then started performing across Indonesia on my off season anywhere I could to get exposure and experience in the Hiphop game. As I came across many talented Hiphop producers throughout these 5 years, I knew my destiny is pursuing this Hiphop to the fullest. As I am still a professional basketball player, it is time to just unleash the magic. Why the name HerdiOflo? When I first started flowin' on the mic I had a dificult time of finding a name for myself as I was mostly emphasising on my production and lyrical skills. I had not put much thought in a name. In 2003 after recording a CD with american producer Marcus Williams, he gave me the name HerdiOflo because - my rhymes flows smooth and sway like water. What are your Hiphop goals? My goals in Hiphop are establishing myself as an emcee with a unique flavor in the game as well as being one of the Hiphop cats in Indonesia to go international. I feel that getting access to music in the southeast asian region is so easy due to piracy, that musicians these days need to step up their game and create something fresh from the oven. I think one of the measurements of success would be an artist having die hard fans from their own country as well as other countries around the world. Share to us your Hip Hop journey? As I mentioned earlier, I've been writing rhymes since my elementary days as writing and music was a big part of my personal life. To fast forward a bit, I tried to further my music career by lacing rhymes and recording my flows on my computer in search of music producers who might be interested in working together. I shopped my demo around everywhere I could and finally in 2003, an American music producer by the name of Marcus Williams agreed to start a music project together. At the time, he happened to reside in Bali where we worked out a deal as we laced 10 songs that would be released in the US. It was the stepping stone of my music career as when I flew back to Jakarta, I was picked up by the manager of "Freestyle Basketball Indonesia" Bang Jul khaerudin - "The Godfather Of Indonesian Streetball", whom agreed to conceptualize a new concept of shows where I would flow on the mic with my partner name Subhan; who is currently a rising model, movie star & commercial artist; as we kicked open every 'Freestyle Basketbal Show' with the two of us flowing on the mic. It was such a good experience as it exposed me to perform in front of hundreds and at times even in front of thousands. From there really kicked start the momentum of my music career which lead to the formation of HollaBack Family and into meeting so many Indonesian producers. Any last messages for any aspiring Hiphop talents in the southeast asian region? My single word that I can give ya'll would be "Perseverance" - without that your're bound to go nowhere if you decide to quit due to obstacles. The Hiphop market is so over crowded with talent and if you don't believe in yourself - nobody will! So keep on pushing it and fulfill your dreams. Don't let them haters bring you down. It should only bring you up. "Say haters, we love you, say haters we love you.." - Sweet Martabak 'Ada Sumur Di Ladang' (Rapvolusi) -

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"There are a lot of people who are just followers and do things because everyone else is doing it. I'm trying to lead by example," says Grammy Award winning rapper Chamillionaire. "I won't do anything just for a dollar. Money will make people do crazy things and I'm not one of those people." The Houston-based entrepreneur strives to constantly elevate, adapt and grow through his music, his business ventures, and his relationships. These traits helped him become a mixtape phenomenon before he had a major recording contract. Chamillionaire has managed to become an internet forerunner at a time when others have failed to capitalize on the web's reach, a platinum plus selling artist during a time of sagging record sales, and a businessman who runs several successful companies. All of his achievements and past experiences played a major part in shaping the direction of Chamillionaire's second major label album, “The Ultimate Victory.� In fact, it was his time on the road and in the studio that provided a purpose for the man also known as The Mixtape Messiah as he crafted his new release. "Behind the scenes, a lot of artists talk about everything that they think is wrong with the world, but when it comes time to address the issues through their music, they don't," he explains. "I decided I couldn't sit back and needed to be the one to say something." He does just that on "Hip-Hop Police," a look at how the media and a variety of public figures continue to place blame on rap music for social issues, making loving hip hop equivalent to committing a crime. Then there's the insightful "Evening News," where Chamillionaire examines -- with a sarcastic tone - what constitutes newsworthiness on a planet filled with legitimately significant events and genuine human suffering. "Everyday I watch the news and look at how crazy the world is," he explains. "It humbles you to see other people's problems and to see the amount of adversity others seem to be going through. If you think you're going through hard times, you can always turn on the TV to see someone else who's going through things 10 times worse than you. But then again, the media will also dedicate a majority of their time focusing on topics that I feel are not as news worthy, often times making celebrity gossip their main focal point. I wanted to do a record with some social commentary but also not be too heavy handed when it comes to discussing the stuff that we should really be focusing on. I wanted to find the perfect balance and go right down the middle." With the 2006 released "Ridin'" featuring Krayzie Bone, the anti-police profiling smash single that became a record breaking mastertone with over 4 million sold, Chamillionaire proved that he could make commercially viable music that matters. Yet while touring the world to promote his November 2005 released debut album, “The Sound of Revenge,� Chamillionaire saw one negative consequence of performing to diverse audiences. Each time he said the N-word in any of his songs, many of his white fans would rap along with him. "It made me say to myself, 'OK, I'm going to have to do this run again and I don't want to be subliminally teaching people to say it," Chamillionaire says. "That's why I made the decision at the beginning stages of “The Ultimate Victory� to erase it from my vocabulary, long before the Don Imus controversy even started brewing." Even though he sprinkled the N-word in his rhymes, Chamillionaire was never one to emphasize curse words in his previous material. Growing up as a child of four in a strict household run by a Christian mother and a Muslim father, he was not allowed to curse. In fact, his parents didn't even want him to listen to rap. However, they did instill a tireless work ethic into a young Hakeem Seriki, something that ironically has helped him throughout each stage of his rap career. As the eldest child in the household, Chamillionaire had to assume a multitude of parental responsibilities at a young age, which included juggling multiple jobs to help financially support his family. He stocked trucks, held down a number of different positions through a temp agency, and even transported blood and urine for a medical lab. It wasn't until he grew tired of his job passing out fliers and promoting for clubs that Chamillionaire made a conscious effort to pursue more lucrative vocations. Being an aspiring rapper in Houston at the turn of the century was not necessarily an easy move and because there were no major labels scouring the streets of H-Town at the time, Chamillionaire had to find a way to get noticed. "It was either eat or get eaten," he says. "We were bred to learn how to sell records out of our trunk independently and mixtapes were the easiest way to get your music out. People would bootleg them, download and burn them." Chamillionaire poured his energy into rapping, connected with the Swishahouse movement, and then started his own The Color Changin' Click before becoming a solo superstar. Every step of the way he learned and studied how to become successful in the music business: how to make sure you got paid for your work, how to treat DJs, how to interact with fans, and how to deal with fame. Once his Houston contemporaries, including Mike Jones, Slim Thug, and Paul Wall came out with substantial buzzes surrounding their projects in the first half of 2005, most people wondered what would happen to Chamillionaire. The man himself wasn't worried. "I just worked hard and continued doing what I was doing," he recalls. "I was never worried about anybody else. All you can do is get into the studio and put 110 percent into making the best music you can, and then you go out into the marketplace and push it 110 percent. That's my formula for everything." It's a formula that enabled The Sound of Revenge to sell more than 1.5 million copies and set Chamillionaire up as a successful businessman. His Houston based Fly Rydes car shop which he co-owns with his business partner Ernest designs, rents, and sells cars to corporations and high net worth individuals. He owns a tour bus company; His emerging Chamillitary Entertainment label has a talented roster: rappers Famous AKA Lil Ken and Yung Ro, and R&B act Tony Henry. He has also become a real estate magnate. And for the man who has won a Grammy, an MTV Video Music Award, two BET Hip Hop Awards, who was certified by the RIAA as the biggest selling individual ringtone artist in history, and even saw the legendary Weird Al Yankovich turn "Ridin" into a smash hit parody, "White and Nerdy," it was being presented with the certified platinum plaque for The Sound of Revenge that meant the most to him. "For me to come out and sell less than what was expected during the first week as a new artist to the mainstream, people and critics didn't even think that I could reach gold. I surpassed that mark,� Chamillionaire says. “Then Ridin' was later released and it propelled the album to go even further. In the long run I did everything that everybody said I couldn't do. That platinum plaque to me was really important, it symbolized a lot." And for a man that continues to challenge himself to be innovative, creative and successful, Chamillionaire shows no signs of slowing down in any way. "People are scared to roll the dice," he says. "I feel like if you work hard, you'll always have good results. I'm living proof of that." Time and time again. source

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(born July 27, 1777, Glasgow, Scot.—died June 15, 1844, Boulogne, France) Scottish poet, remembered chiefly for his sentimental and martial lyrics; he was also one of the initiators of a plan to found what became the University of London. Campbell went to Mull, an island of the Inner Hebrides, as a tutor in 1795 and two years later settled in Edinburgh to study law. In 1799 he wrote The Pleasures of Hope, a traditional 18th-century survey in heroic couplets of human affairs. It went through four editions within a year. He also produced several stirring patriotic war songs—“Ye Mariners of England,� “The Soldier's Dream,� “Hohenlinden,� and, in 1801, “The Battle of the Baltic.� With others he launched a movement in 1825 to found the University of London, for students excluded from Oxford or Cambridge by religious tests or lack of funds. Copyright © 1994-2008 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

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Actress. Born Neve Adrianne Campbell on October 3, 1973 in Guelph, Ontario, Canada. As a child, Campbell's first love was dance, and she trained at the National Ballet School of Canada throughout her youth. After several injuries left her unable to pursue a professional ballet career, she turned to acting, eventually landing the role of Julia Salinger on the American television series Party of Five. The popular drama about a family of orphans ran from 1994 to 2000, during which time Campbell also launched a film career. Her films include The Craft, Scream (and its sequels), Wild Things, Three to Tango and Panic. In 2004, she co-wrote, produced and starred in The Company, a film that returned her to dancing roots.Campbell was married to Canadian actor Jeff Colt from 1995 to 1998. © 2006 A&E Television Networks. All rights reserved.

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